Muslim Sindhis tend to follow the Sunni Hanafi fiqh with a substantial minority being Shia Ithna 'ashariyah. Sufism has left a deep impact on Sindhi Muslims and this is visible through the numerous Sufi shrines which dot the landscape of Sindh.
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In 712 A.D., Sindh was incorporated into the Caliphate, the Islamic Empire, and became the ‘Arabian gateway’ into India (later to become known as Bab-ul-Islam, the gate of Islam). With Sindh's stable prosperity and its strategic geographical position, it was subject to successive conquests by foreign empires. Hindus were also spread over Sindh province. Thari (a dialect of Sindhi) is spoken in Sindh in Pakistan and Rajasthan in India. Hindus in Sindh were concentrated in the cities before the creation of Pakistan in 1947, during which many migrated to India according to Ahmad Hassan Dani. The ratio of Hindus was higher before the independence of Pakistan in 1947. Hyderabad is the largest centre of Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan, with 100,000–150,000 living there. Most of them live in urban areas such as Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Mirpur Khas. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, Hindus constituted about 8% of the total population of Sindh province. Hinduism was the predominant religion in Sindh before Islamic conquest. Identity in Sindh is mostly based on a common ethnicity. However, tribes are of little importance in Sindh as compared to in Punjab and Balochistan. Closely related to the Sindhi Rajputs are the Jats of Sindh, who are found mainly in the Indus delta region. The Sindhi-Sipahi of Rajasthan and the Sandhai Muslims of Gujarat are communities of Sindhi Rajputs settled in India. Among other Sindhi Rajputs are the Bhachos, Bhuttos, Bhattis, Bhanbhros, Mahendros, Buriros, Lakha, Sahetas, Lohanas, Mohano, Dahars, Indhar, Chachar, Dhareja, Rathores, Dakhan, Langah, etc.
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These tribes belong to the same blood line. and the Samma - descendants of the Samma Dynasty, who ruled Sindh during 1351–1521 A.D. The two main and highest ranked tribes of Sindh are the Soomro - descendants of the Soomro Dynasty, who ruled Sindh during 970–1351 A.D. The Ror dynasty was a power from the Indian subcontinent that ruled modern-day Sindh and northwest India from 450 BC – 489 AD. In the same way, Persians called the people of this region as Hindhu people, their language as Hindhi language and the region as Hindh, the name which is used for this region since ancient times, and later for the whole northern part of the Indian sub-continent today. The terms Hindi and Hindu are derived from the word Sindh and Sindhu, as the ancient Persians pronounced "s" as "h" (e.g., sarasvati as harahvati). The people living in the region are referred to as Sindhi. The region is named after the river Sindhu (Indus). Habbari, Soomra, Samma, Arghun dynasties ruled Sindh. After 632 AD, it was part of the Islamic empires of the Abbasids and Umayyids. Before this period, it was heavily Hindu, and Buddhist. Sindh was one of the earliest regions to be conquered by the Arabs and influenced by Islam after 720 AD. Alexander the Great marched through Punjab and Sindh, down the Indus river, after his conquest of the Persian Empire. and in the first five centuries of the first millennium A.D., western portions of Sindh, the regions on the western flank of the Indus river, were intermittently under Persian, Greek, and Kushan rule, first during the Achaemenid dynasty (500–300 BC) during which it made up part of the easternmost satrapies, then, by Alexander the Great, followed by the Indo-Greeks, and still later under the Indo-Sassanids, as well as Kushans, before the Islamic invasions between the 7th–10th century AD. This civilisation helped shape subsequent cultures in South Asia.įor several centuries in the first millennium B.C. The Indo-Aryans are believed to have founded the Vedic civilisation that existed between the Sarasvati River and Ganges river around 1500 BC. The Indus Valley Civilisation went into decline around the year 1700 BC for reasons that are not entirely known, though its downfall was probably precipitated by an earthquake or natural event that dried up the Ghaggar River. Moen-jo-Daro was one of the largest settlements of the Indus Valley Civilisation.They probably abandoned their native tongue and adapted the Aryan tongue after the Aryan migration to their land.
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The original inhabitants of ancient Sindh were believed to be aboriginal tribes speaking languages of the Indus Valley Civilisation around 3300 BC.